![]() have demonstrated that rosemary essential oil can alleviate pain in the hot-plate test. The main components isolated from rosemary essential oil monoterpenes have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-nociceptive effects. (rosemary) uses as a treatment for asthma, renal colic pain, and dysmenorrhea. ![]() In traditional medicine, Rosmarinus officinalis L. A study showed that topical application of a cream containing Mentha piperita, Cinnamomum camphora, and Pinus roxburghii essential oil reduces pain and swelling in patients with osteoarthritis. Also, Belemkar and colleagues have shown analgesic effects of Mentha piperita methanolic extract by both the hot-plate and tail immersion tests in rats. have proved the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of peppermint essential oil in rats. Using acetic acid-induced nociception and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests, Kehili et al. Taher has revealed that peppermint can reduce the writhing number induced by acetic acid injection in mice. Mentha piperita (peppermint), a natural hybrid between Mentha spicata and Mentha aquatica, contains about 1.2–1.5% of essential oil, and menthol, as its main active ingredient, has various therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and analgesic effects. The effect of the various herbs on osteoarthritis treatment and prevention has been investigated. Knowledge in herbal medicine and its use has increased in recent years due to higher safety and a reasonable price. Although these treatments effectively reduce pain, inflammation, and symptoms of the OA, but do not have a significant impact on the prevention of the disease progression. Since no disease-modifying drugs are available, treatments’ main goals are symptomatic such as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. The main complaint of patients is debilitating pain, which influences their quality of life, and it gradually becomes more resistant to treatment. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by the progressive destruction of articular cartilage, local inflammation, and joint pain. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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